Its rich history, which sees the origins of the Greek city named Byzantium (ancient greek, Βυζάντιον), then capital of the 'Roman Empire Eastern with the name of Constantinople (Latin, Constantinopolis) and finally the capital of ' Ottoman Empire as turkish in Istanbul, has left significant architectural and archaeological sites that make it a tourist center of international importance.
According to an anecdote, the present name derives from a curious circumstance: when the Turks the conquest of ' Anatolia to the Greeks asked where was "the city" and they answer, without understanding the meaning Isten polis, meaning "that is the city," which eventually became the misunderstood name of Constantinople. More likely presence boost comes from the word "city" to refer to as the "city" par excellence, in analogy with the word Urbe (or, in Latin "Urbs") used to describe Rome. The name Istanbul was given the only officially around 1930 .
The name reflects today's Istanbul, however, over the centuries, the succession of civilizations that have marked its history. Founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC , originally called Βυζάντιον ( Byzantion ) in honor of their king Byzantas. It will therefore be Byzantium in Latin Byzantium and later in Italian . The name of greek
Κωνσταντινούπολις ( Konstantinoupolis ), hence the Latin and Italian Constantinopolis Constantinople, means "City of Constantine". This name was given in honor of the Roman Emperor Constantine I when the city became the capital 's Roman Empire, the' May 11 year 330. Constantine renamed it Nova Roma , but that name never came into common usage, though even today the official name of the second Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate is "Constantinople, New Rome." Constantinople became the capital of the then ' Byzantine Empire until, in 1453 , was conquered by the Ottoman Turks .
name "Istanbul" could come from the Greek phrase medieval εἰς τὴν Πόλιν " (Read with the pronunciation "istimbolin"), or in the Ionian dialect "εἰς τὰν Πόλιν" (pronounced "istambolin"), which means "the City" or "in the City" [4] . In this way, the Greeks referred to the City of Cities , was known as Constantinople during the Byzantine era and later. More likely is a simple corruption of the greek [Kon] standard [Inoue] pol where "pol" has become "bul" as well as in other adaptations of Greek names containing the word "polis" and by adding the prefix "I-", and include the city of Izmir and Nicea, and become Izmir Iznik and Gelibolu, greek Kallipolis. The name Stamboul was commonly used in the nineteenth century.
Founding of Byzantium by Greek colonists of Megara , dates back to 667 BC Thanks to the position of control over Bosphorus, the city developed rapidly and has become the subject of contention during Peloponnesian War. After siding with
Pescennius Nigro against the victorious Septimius Severus , the city was besieged and largely destroyed between 193 and 195. In 196 Byzantium became part of ' Roman Empire and was rebuilt by the same Septimius Severus, became emperor, riottenendo prosperitLa rapidly its previous location of Byzantium attracted Constantine the emperor too that the' May 11 330, the re-founded as "Nova Roma" (but soon took instead the name of Constantinople), according to legend after a prophetic dream in which he was shown the place to establish the city. Constantine built a number of impressive palaces, churches, entertainment venues, including the famous circus where ceremonies were also being held and who will see riots and popular assemblies. The city continued to grow even after Constantine, over a century were built new walls that almost doubled the area of \u200b\u200bthe city.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the strategic position of Constantinople would continue to play an important role as a transition between two continents (Europe and Asia), and then a pole of attraction for ' Africa and other countries in terms of commercial, cultural and diplomatic. Constantinople checked for long routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea .
what is born in Constantinople considered the foundation of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis , built by Justinian between 528 and 565 .
During the Middle Ages, Constantinople was the largest and richest cities' Europe: it is thought that in the tenth century could have up to one million inhabitants. The vast basilica of Constantine, Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), a monument of great architectural importance dedicated to the Divine Wisdom has always been a religious center of the city becomes the center of the greek-orthodox Christianity. Despite the bitter internal struggles for power and lack of individual authority of the emperor, the oligarchy Byzantine maintained a stable political structure during the almost one thousand years of empire.
With a great system of fortifications, the city was impregnable for centuries, until 1204, when he was sacked by the armies of the Fourth Crusade who established for nearly a century, 'The Latin Empire . To Constantinople had begun its decline. On May 29 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II the Conqueror (Fatih ), which made it the capital of ' Ottoman Empire. the fall of Constantinople, and then the end of ' Eastern Roman Empire , is sometimes referred to as the event that closes the convention Middle Ages and began the 'modern Ages. Under Ottoman sultans , Constantinople, found a new period of splendor, becoming de facto headquarters of caliphate in 1517 , but keeping the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate (despite the forced conversion of in Hagia Sophia mosque) in general and the cosmopolitan character that characterized it in previous centuries. The sixteenth century marked the zenith of Ottoman power. In this century dates the construction of the largest mosques City: Beyazit, Suleymaniye (the largest mosque in Istanbul), and Fatih Sultan Ahmet.
The Ottoman Empire was defeated during the First World War , ended officially on November 1 1922. When in 1923 founded the Republic of Turkey , the capital was moved from Istanbul to Ankara . Initially neglected in favor of the new capital, Istanbul went through a period of great transformation years '50 and '60 . Before the '60s,
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